What should I do?

Week 5

Stage 2:
 

Above is the image of my progress project where i found difficulties in making a smooth moving magnet. The magnet should be moving into the solenoid freely to ensure the electromagnetic induction's working....

 Analysis:

I do have problem in designing the mat. The thing stuck in my mind is on how the magnet could be move freely towards the solenoid. Based on my friend's opinion, i should make a rail for the magnet so that magnet can only moved straightly and smoothly. Furthermore, i should consider its case. The magnet should have case for sure. Besides, how i can to make sure that the magnet can move forward. By what kind of strength the magnet can be move? Not only the springs but i am very sure there is another way round. Wish me luck!

.......................................................

By the way below is the images of all the materials and components i already used.

Materials and components

Copper wire

Analogue Multimeter

Compass & Ferrite Magnet (7.3x1x0.8cm)

Clip wire

Plywood (13x17.5inch)

Chisel

Spring

Hammer

PROGRESS......

 FYP SEMESTER 2!

 WEEK 3

Stage 1:

• Making the solenoids

 Materials used:

1. copper wire
2. tape
3. wire
4. scissor

Here are the video I had recorded. This is just to show that current deflected whenever the magnet is entered the solenoid.

• Mat's Design

Materials used:

1. Plywood
2. Hammer
3. Chisel (pahat)
4. Glue
5. Springs

Analysis:

Based on the video above, I can see that electromagnetic induction going to be work here. But in order to produce high output current, therefore the design of the solenoid must be seriously consider. Based on the video, the current only deflect just a little, only micro ampere. Thus the solenoids needs more turns in order to get the best result. The solenoid that i made is just only 500 turns so i need about 800 to 1000 turns. 

For mat's design, the plywood is taken because i need insulator type material in order to make a base. Do not forget that i used magnet in this project. Therefore i need to keep away all the conductors or material that may attract the magnet to the mat. Otherwise it may effect the result.

Conclusion:

I have to make the solenoid one more time and see the result either it can give a higher current.

.......................................................................................................................

Below is the image of the solenoid with 800 turns.

 Analysis:

The solenoid manage to produce high current. But even though it can, i am still facing problem to found out the result. The magnet needs to enter the solenoid for many times in order to get a result. As a result, i need to do again the solenoid. For this time, I knew that the solenoid's hole is big which mean i need to make it smaller. Then i have to do it again. Wish me luck!

TITLE:DC CONVERTER AND ELECTRICAL STORAGE FOR SHAKE-A-GEN (example)

CONTAIN: What is the shake-a-gen? Remember my previous post about how to make an homemade generator? So, the design has another external link about the storage of DC power from the AC generator. This generator is called an AC generator. This means that the voltage appearing at the two wires alternates between + and -, and - and + each time the magnet goes from one end of the can to the other. Based on the website that I found, they used a device which includes a few components to rectify the alternating current (AC) from the shake-a-gen, store it in a capacitor and convert it into a steady direct current DC. The output can be used to run a low power device. It is also wired to an LED which lights as the generator is moved and also for a little while afterwards. An LED can also be wired across the generator connections so that both the AC and smothed DC power can be observed.  Below is the diagram for shake-a-gen storage device.

Circuit diagram of shake-a-gen storage device

Shake-a-gen

ANALYSIS:

PARTS LIST AND TOOLS

4 x OA91 germanium diodes

1 x 10,000 uF electrolytic capacitor (16V)

two LED's (red and yellow say)

1 x 1000 ohm resistor

1m of twin wire (bell wire) to go from generator to the circuit

soldering iron and solder

CONCLUSION: This post may be helpful to improve my understanding.

SCIENCE PROJECT: ONE OF EXAMPLE MAY USED

TITLE: Science project could be used in developing the magic mat.

CONTAIN:This is one example that used electromagnet concept. It provides an idea in designing the magic mat. This is an AC electric generator which lights up a tiny incandescent light bulb. The generator is made from a hollow-ended cardboard box with a nail through the center. The box has many turns of varnished thin copper wire wound around, with four large magnets clamped around the nail. When the nail and magnets are spun fast by hand, the little light bulb lights up dimly. Below is the modelling of the project. 

ANALYSIS:As I can see here, the project is basically about the AC generator. And of course the AC generator can be converted to DC. For the magic mat, I will need it the most. Therefore, this project gives me some information and guideline in order to make some power conversion which is from AC power to DC power. Besides, all possibility in designing the electromagnet is also mentioned on the author's blog. It can be used as my reference later on.

CONCLUSION:This project helps me so much! Here the details of the project. You may see the link below...

http://amasci.com/coilgen/generator_2.html

 

Title: Presentation FYP 1

Contain: This presentation video covers the introduction and purposes of the magic mat. It also includes the methodology in designing the magic mat. Some simulation also provided where the three factors contributed to project's development. Let have a look at that video!

Analysis: After finish the presentation, the assessor has make some suggestion regarding the project. The suggestion is for magnet type that will be used in this project must be strong enough in order to give the best output. Therefore the magnet type of NdFeB has been suggested. It will take into consideration.

Conclusion:  For next progress, it should have a design of solenoids.

MAGNET AND MAGNETISM(ANSWER AND QUESTION)

Title      : Q & A (MAGNET AND MAGNETISM) 
Contain:

 What are the differences between the different magnet formulations? 

1. NdFeB (Neodymium-Iron-Boron) -- The most powerful 'rare-earth' permanent magnet composition known to mankind, and our specialty. This formulation is relatively modern, and first became commercially available in 1984. NdFeB magnets have the highest B, Br, and BHmax of any magnet formula, and also have very high Hc (see below for definitions). They are however very brittle, hard to machine, and sensitive to corrosion and high temperatures. Useful in the home, workshop, pickup truck, laboratory, wind turbine, starship and more. We carry both new and surplus stock in many sizes and shapes.In almost all magnet applications, NdFeB are the best choice for incredible strength and coercivity at a reasonable price! In power generation applications, NdFeB magnets can be expected to give 4-5 times the power output of ceramic magnet.
2. Ferrite (Ceramic) -- Also known as 'hard ceramic' magnets, this material is made from Strontium or Barium Ferrite. It was developed in the 1960s as a low-cost and more powerful alternative to AlNiCo and steel magnets. Less expensive than NdFeB magnets, but still very powerful and resistant to demagnetization. Useful everywhere. We carry both new and surplus in multiple shapes and sizes. Ferrite magnets are lower in power (B, Br, BHmax) compared to other formulations, and are very brittle. However, they have very high Hc and good Tc (see below), and are quite corrosion-resistant. A very cost-effective choice.
3. AlNiCo (Aluminum-Nickel-Cobalt) for medium strength and excellent machinability. Developed in the 1940s and still in use today. They perform much better than plain steel, but are much weaker in strength (lower B, Br and BHmax) and must be carefully stored since they are prone to demagnetization. Contact with a NdFeB magnet can easily reverse or destroy the field of an AlNiCo magnet.
4. SmCo (Samarium Cobalt)-- for high power and resistance to high temperatures and corrosion. Developed in the 1970s, these were the first so-called 'rare earth' magnets. They are almost as powerful as NdFeB magnets, and far more powerful than all the others (high B and Br). They are the most expensive magnet formulation, and usually only used where resistance to high temperatures (high Tc) and corrosion are needed. Also very brittle and hard to machine. 
5. Bonded (flexible)-- magnets are a rubberized formulation often seen on refrigerators and magnetic signs. Though they may be manufactured from any magnet formulation when powerdered and mixed with rubberizer, the result is always less powerful than a traditional sintered magnet of any formula. Used only where unusal and difficult shapes are needed.

How does temperature affect the behavior of a permanent magnet?

Curie Temperature (Tc): This is the temperature at which a magnet material loses it's strength, permanently. Another useful number (if available) is Tmax, the recommended maximum operating temperature. Above Tmax (around 266 deg. F for most NdFeB magnets) a magnet will start ot lose its power, and at Tc all power is lost. If you need strong magnets that can be used at high temperatures, consider using Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) magnets.

Will magnets corrode if used outdoors?

NdFeB magnets are susceptible to corrosion. The 'Fe' in the name stands for Iron, and it rusts! Many of our magnets come with a Nickel, Zinc, Gold or Epoxy coating to protect them from moisture. If the coating is damaged (frequently the case with surplus magnets) the magnet could rust if exposed to water or humidity. If this is a concern to you, you can easily add another layer of protection by dipping the magnet in epoxy or plastic coating.

Conclusion: The best magnet is NdFeb type followed by Ferrite and others. As long my project does not need so much output power therefore the ferrite magnet is the suitable one to be included for the project. Instead, the magnets also will be coated with suitable material too. The material that will be used will be discussed later on.  

                                                                                                                                   ref: http://wondermagnet.com/magfaq.html

SELECTING A MAGNET

Title: Selecting a magnet

In order to design the magic mat, the type of magnet to be used must be consider. Here are the properties for different types of magnets.

Contain:

1) Ferrite Magnet

Physical and Thermal Properties
Property	Typical Value
Coefficient of thermal expansion (25°C to 450°C)
Perpendicular to orientation	10 x 10-6 cm/cm/°C
Parallel to orientation	14 x 10-6 cm/cm/°C
Thermal conductivity	0.007 cal/cm-sec°C
Reversible temperature coefficient of residual induction	-0.2% /°C
Reversible temperature coefficient of intrinsic coercive force	0.2 to 0.5% /°C
Curie temperature	450°C
Maximum service temperature* (without metallurgical change)	800°C

2) SmCo Magnet

Physical and Thermal Properties
Description	SmCo 1-5 Alloys	SmCo 2-17 Alloys	NdFeB
Mechanical Properties:
Modulus of elasticy	23 x 106 psi	17 x 106 psi	22 x 106 psi
Ultimate tensile strength	6 x 103 psi	5 x 103 psi	12 x 103 psi
Density	8.2 g/cc	8.4 g/cc	7.4 g/cc
Coefficient of thermal expansion:
Perpendicular to orientation	13 x 10-6/°C	11 x 10-6/°C	-4.8 x 10-6/°C
Parallel to orientation	6 x 10-6/°C	8 x 10-6/°C	3.4 x 10-6/°C
Electrical resistivity	5µ ohm cm	86µ ohm cm	160µ ohm cm
Magnetic Properties:
Curie temperature	750°C	825°C	310°C
Reversible temperature coefficient of residual induction (-100°C to + 100°C)	-0.043% / °C	-0.03% /°C	-0.09 to -0.13% /°C
Recoil permeability	1.05	1.05	1.05
Max. service temperature*	250°C	300°C	150°C
* Maximum Service Temperature depends on permeance coefficient of magnetic circuit. Temperatures shown here are guidelines only

3) NdFeB Magnet

Physical and Thermal Properties
Description	SmCo 1-5 Alloys	SmCo 2-17 Alloys	NdFeB
Mechanical Properties:
Modulus of elasticy	23 x 106 psi	17 x 106 psi	22 x 106 psi
Ultimate tensile strength	6 x 103 psi	5 x 103 psi	12 x 103 psi
Density	8.2 g/cc	8.4 g/cc	7.4 g/cc
Coefficient of thermal expansion:
Perpendicular to orientation	13 x 10-6/°C	11 x 10-6/°C	-4.8 x 10-6/°C
Parallel to orientation	6 x 10-6/°C	8 x 10-6/°C	3.4 x 10-6/°C
Electrical resistivity	5µ ohm cm	86µ ohm cm	160µ ohm cm
Magnetic Properties:
Curie temperature	750°C	825°C	310°C
Reversible temperature coefficient of residual induction (-100°C to + 100°C)	-0.043% / °C	-0.03% /°C	-0.09 to -0.13% /°C
Recoil permeability	1.05	1.05	1.05
Max. service temperature*	250°C	300°C	150°C
* Maximum Service Temperature depends on permeance coefficient of magnetic circuit. Temperatures shown here are guidelines only Conclusion: Selecting a magnet should consider the above criteria such as its maximum temperature and so on. The best magnet would be NdFeB type which have high modulus of elasticy along with high electrical resistivity.